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Minimum Wage essays

The lowest pay permitted by law papers An open objection over wages and working conditions prompted the main the lowest pay permitted by law strategy in the United States. A national the lowest pay permitted by law was made in 1938 when President Franklin D. Roosevelt marked the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). The essential objective of the lowest pay permitted by law was to ensure laborers a reasonable compensation. Lately, there has been a lot of discussion and discussion over raising the lowest pay permitted by law. A great many people tend to accept that when the lowest pay permitted by law is expanded, individuals will profit. They don't stop to think about the outcomes. The accompanying paper presents an outline of different issues. Numerous individuals don't stop to consider the expenses of the lowest pay permitted by law increments. For instance, where does the expansion in compensation originate from? It unquestionably doesnt originate from expenses or government subsidizing. It originates from bosses, regardless of whether they are huge or little. In a discussion in regards to the lowest pay permitted by law increments with a local bread shop proprietor, she the accompanying: I endured the shot totally the first run through; the last time, I raised my costs. The proprietor Angela Constantino utilizes eight individuals at the lowest pay permitted by law. That is the means by which things work. In the event that your expenses go up, youre must pass a portion of that along to the client. I dont pass every last bit of it along. Fundamentally I attempt to balance a portion of my expenses Angela said. Bosses some way or another must think of the cash to pay the pay increment. They should raise costs, along these lines, charging all customers more, and they may even need to relinquish a portion of their representatives so as to be able to pay the rate climb. The essential explanation a great many people are eager to build the lowest pay permitted by law is to help destitute individuals. There are numerous examinations that show that the positive advantages are similarly as various as the negative ones. As per James Kaz, most of the individuals who are paid the lowest pay permitted by law are not poor, yet rather an extra pay on the sole p... <! The lowest pay permitted by law papers In America today, there is a national deficiency of employments. Past that, there is a disturbing number of Americans who need the government to sanction new laws and guidelines while never thinking what the outcomes might be. There are issues over maryjane sanctioning, littler class sizes, and impediments on facilitated commerce abroad; many think, That is whats causing a lack of employments, isn't that so? Wrong! The fundamental explanation American entrepreneurs are delivering our low paying occupations as well as our creation line type employments over to nations like Japan, India, and Bangkok is on the grounds that the central government has set such a significant number of confinements and necessities over what you can and cant pay a specialist for his time that this nation isn't an appealing spot to keep your employments accessible. In this report, I expect to clarify the lowest pay permitted by law strategies and give you a foundation of it. I will at that point present some clarification on what is befalling the entrepreneurs who need to manage the lowest pay permitted by law. Next, I will go short term and since quite a while ago run effects of a potential pay increment. In the wake of addressing a few reasons individuals give for expanding the lowest pay permitted by law, I will introduce a few options in contrast to the present framework and an end. The lowest pay permitted by law is an arrangement of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). This law, which was passed in 1938, set a lowest pay permitted by law of $0.25 every hour and furthermore set measures with respect to additional time pay and youngster work. The lowest pay permitted by law increments are passed at the desire of Congress as changes to the FLSA. Today, the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) holds a government the lowest pay permitted by law of $5.15 every hour for nonexempt representatives. A business of a tipped representative is just required to pay $2.13 an hour in direct wages if that sum in addition to the tips got rises to in any event the government the lowest pay permitted by law, the worker holds all tips, and the worker generally and normally gets more than $30 every month in tips. On the off chance that a representative's tips consolidated... <! The lowest pay permitted by law articles The incredible researcher Charles Darwin delineated with his hypothesis of natural selection that society will endure and individuals will exceed expectations in a world that permits predominance, achievement, and adjustment. We can consider this to be in todays society as individuals endeavor to discover better work and get more cash-flow for their families so as to climb through society. The idea of the lowest pay permitted by law debilitates this hypothesis since it sets a standard for all individuals to accomplish paying little heed to their drive and experience. Let us take a gander at the speedy review of history of the lowest pay permitted by law. First in quite a while presented in 1933 under the New Deal program. Roosevelts guides built up a National Industrial Recovery Act (NRA). The demonstration suspended antitrust laws with the goal that ventures could uphold reasonable exchange codes bringing about less rivalry and higher wages. As an early advance of the NRA, Roosevelt advertised a Presidents Reemployment Agreement to raise compensation, make work, and consequently reestablish business. More that 2.3 million understandings were marked, covering 16.3 million representatives. Underwriters consented to a week's worth of work somewhere in the range of 35 and 40 hours and the lowest pay permitted by law of $12 to $15 per week and attempted, with certain special cases, not to utilize young people under 16 years of age. At that point in 1836, the Supreme Court, in a progression of choices, nullified both state and government laws concerni ng the lowest pay permitted by law. At long last, the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 was marked by Franklin D. Roosevelt and set the hourly the lowest pay permitted by law at 25 pennies. Following decades the lowest pay permitted by law had been raised. In 40s it was raised from 40 pennies an hour to 75 pennies an hour for all laborers and was extended to remember laborers for the air transport industry. A 1955 revision expanded the lowest pay permitted by law to a $1.00 an hour with no adjustment in inclusion. 1960s stretched out inclusion to government funded schools, nursing homes, laundries, and the whole development industry and the lowest pay permitted by law went up to $1.60 an hour.... <! The lowest pay permitted by law expositions An expansion presently will help pay for the most unfortunate specialists without the peril of making greater joblessness., states the New York Times in September 1999. Is this announcement about an expansion in the lowest pay permitted by law truly evident? There are different sides to the discussion about the lowest pay permitted by law that both hold admirable statements. The lowest pay permitted by law is a significant issue in the realm of financial matters and legislative issues. Political figures regularly go after the publics general obliviousness of financial aspects and guarantee to build the lowest pay permitted by law. Financial experts ,then again, see the drawn out impacts and see the harm it can cause. David Card and Alan Kruegur, two financial specialists at Princeton University directed an investigation in April 1992 on New Jerseys 18% the lowest pay permitted by law increment while Pennsylvanias the lowest pay permitted by law continued as before. They estimated the adjustment in work in the states drive-through joints among February and December that year. Card and Kruegur found that the quantity of employments developed in eateries where pay needed to rise, contrasted and those previously paying more than least was and contrasted and joints in neighboring Pennsylvania, where the base didn't change. The investigation additionally found no contrast among high-and low-wage states. A great many people would be pleased to here the abovementioned. They would get more cash and their way of life would increment. Be that as it may, a great many people don't consider the pessimistic reactions of expanding the lowest pay permitted by law. The overview taken via Card and Kruegur was done via phone. Individual financial specialists charge that the inquiries were unclear and blunders crawled into the numbers. Another investigation was finished utilizing the organizations payrolls found that New Jersey fared far more terrible than Pennsylvania. Constructive outcomes of the lowest pay permitted by law can be the self-evident; more cash for individuals. They would have more cash to spend , the economy would blast and everybody would be cheerful. Not really; truth be told, this would just e... <!

I Lost My Mom to COPD - Donnas Story

I Lost My Mom to COPD - Donnas Story Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases Print I Lost My Mother to COPD COPD Stole My Mothers Life By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Updated on June 24, 2019 altrendo images/stockbyte/Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery A Life Lost to COPD In part one of this story, Donna, a member of the Verywell.com Smoking Cessation support forum shared the tragic story of  how smoking-related lung cancer took her fathers life. Just a few short months later, Donna and her family were confronted with another smoking-related death in the family.  This time it was their  mother who died of  COPD, even though she never smoked (directly) a day in her life. It is more than likely that living in a smoking home for years upon years was a major influence in the development of the COPD that eventually killed Donnas mother. Thank you for sharing your very personal story with us here Donna. Smoking-related disease is the most preventable cause in the world today, and I know your account will make a difference to every person who reads it. From Donna: My mother passed away on Thursday, January 14, at 1:30 pm. I was blessed to be there when she passed. My sister called me on Wednesday, and asked me to stay with her and Mom until the time came. I didnt think twice...I hopped into my vehicle and drove the hour north to my parents place. My mothers condition had steadily worsened in the last week, and even Hospice nurses marveled over my mothers will to live over the last few days. She was no doubt in agony, and each breath was taken at the result of great personal pain. There are some end-of-life symptoms which are inherent to kidney failure, but those of COPD are unmistakable...My mother gasped and twisted her head for each tortured breath. During the last two days, when she sank into a coma, the Hospice nurse took her oxygen tube and placed it in her open mouth. She had lost the ability to breathe through her nose. The Hospice nurse looked at us and said, It could be tonight or tomorrow. Im almost tempted to stay here, Im fairly certain shell go tonight. We told her we would be okay, and she reluctantly left. I spent the night there. My sister slept in a recliner next to the hospital bed, and I lay on a twin mattress on the floor in the room. I spent the night wavering between a restless sleep and groggy wakefulness, when I would look at the bed and watch my mom point her head as she struggled. Dreams tortured what snatches of sleep I stole. In one dream, my mother threw off the blankets, dropped the bed rails, and hung her thin legs over the side of the bed to look at me. You know, she chirped, I think Im going to get out of here today. She then looked around, and a cloud of uncertainty shifted over her features. She sighed, glared at her oxygen tube tether and said, Oh, never mind. I think Ill just stay in bed. And she lay back down again, covered herself, adjusted her oxygen tube, and resumed her comatose state. I awoke to see Moms prone, sleeping form, and I shivered. The dream had seemed so real. Dawn just couldnt come soon enough. As the day progressed, my mothers breaths became shallower and shallower, and the period of time between breaths longer and longer. Finally, after a long exhalation, no further breaths came. It was over. My sister went to the kitchen and lit a cigarette. I stood on the back porch, and with dry eyes felt my whole being start screaming. I have never felt so alone as I did the day my remaining parent passed away. I am now truly alone in the world. None of us can, with full certainty, determine when and how we will end our lives. My mother was no exception. She did not choose to die of COPD, nor did she choose to smoke...Her death from a smoking-related disease was from secondhand smoke from my father. Through this incredible sorrow in my heart, Im at least comforted that she is no longer suffering. She is no longer in agony. There ARE some things each of us can control. We can control whether or not we smoke a cigarette. We can control our exposure to others cigarette smoke. We can lobby our legislators for stricter laws regarding tobacco products, for laws that assure our right to clean air, and even start calling for an outright ban on tobacco. Please make no mistake, tobacco kills in horrific ways. I am 36 years old, and yesterday, I lost my parents within 10 months of one another, and they both died from tobacco. I have seen several posts at the Verywell .com Smoking Cessation support forum where new quitters have found, within the words here, the ability to stay quit for one more day. Please, please understand, what you fight isnt just an addiction. Its a certain death you are avoiding. By not smoking, you are reducing your risk of cancer, of COPD, of emphysema, of macular degeneration, of heart disease, of limited blood circulation...The list goes on and on and on. How Smoking Harms Us, From Head to Toe When I smoked, the biggest lie I told myself was that smoking-related diseases happen to other people. Well, those other people were the two people I loved most in this world. It was Daddy and Momma. Ive witnessed two deaths which will haunt me until my own time comes. My saving grace in quitting were these forums, and the people who had quit before me, and the people who quit with me. In a very real sense, I owe my life to Terry and the moderators and the members here. Without them, I would not have quit. Had I not quit, the horrific deaths of my parents would very much be my own death. And so, I have changed my destiny. I ask you to do the same. I challenge you to NOT take the chance to be that other person. Please, if you are thinking of lighting up again tonight, dont do it. Use the resources here. Fight your way through your quit. Cherish those clean breaths, protect them, and love those you are with for everything you are worth. Dont torture your loved ones with a death like Ive described in this message. Break free of nicotine addiction, and change your destiny, too. Youll never regret it once you get to the other side. I promise. ~Donna If youre still smoking please use the resources below to get a head start on your quit program. Your Quit Smoking Toolbox The Support Forum at Verywell.com Smoking Cessation Quit smoking now.

The Progressive Era Essay - 1133 Words

Moronke Eko History 204 City life, The closing of the Frontier, and late Nineteen Century, Agrarianism The development of the United State into an aggregation of civilized settlements and large Cities influenced the economic movement, socially and culturally by the end of the Civil war and first World war. This brought about the industrialization and massive boom in immigration experienced at this period. Urbanization became key in the history of America and it has its influence in the attractiveness of the nation. The progressive era was from 1870 to 1916 which entered the period of urbanization in the United States. In the 19th century, a lot of European immigrants came into the States and this aided the speedy industrialization, people†¦show more content†¦The cities consist of immigrant who are writers, artist, and reformers. The United State was peaceful, progressing and growing in the 19th century, the establishment of industry and wages influenced people to migrate to the United State. Migration added values to the people and also caused a lot of problems to some peopl e, over 14 million immigrants came into the United State from east and southern European countries such as Poland, Russia and Italy coming from different ethnicity this new immigrant had challenges adjusting to the new society, the immigrant settled in the cities where factories are located because of job opportunities, this resulted in overpopulation in those industrial cities. According to Eric Foner (2008). Many of the European immigrant moved to the United State from Ellis Island located in the New York (pp. 643). Towards the late 19th century, in the west natural resources were over used, some used the natural resources for private gain, this was what brought the idea that that the government should be in charge to instill order and accountability. In other words, â€Å"a tradition of waste† was established by America. The arrival of the first colonists, the American frontier shifted westwards. By the end of the civil war, America settler moved to mid-western and had a hold on the Pacific Coast. The two line was vast expanse of territory the last frontier contained the great plains, Native American Indian and homeShow MoreRelatedProgressive Era Essay828 Words   |  4 PagesProgressive Era Essay In order for American ideals to survive in an industrialized modern economy, the government must regulate capitalism. As capitalism grew in the Gilded Age, it becomes more of a priority to control business in order protect capitalism, as well as the other American ideals. The government must listen to the peoples feedback and improve American democracy, focus on consumer protection and labor rights, and protect competition with between large and local businessesRead More The Progressive Era Essay2711 Words   |  11 PagesThe Progressive Era was a period that exposed the contradictions found in American society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Theodore Roosevelt summed up the Progressive/Reform feeling in his Square Deal speech - that it was all about morals, not economics. His goal was the moral regeneration of the business world. He preached that it was wrong for some people to get ahead in business and politics by tricks and schemes, while others were cheated o ut of the opportunity. ThisRead More Progressive Era Essays590 Words   |  3 Pagesvegetarian to the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, the progressive era, foreign policy, and World War one were major parts of United States history. The progressive movement was caused by labor unions and the presidents’ progressive plans. World War one and Open Door Policy caused the American Foreign Policy. This in many ways helped shape and increase American power in the early 20th Century. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The progressive movement was an effort made to help make America to be saferRead MoreProgressive Era Essay904 Words   |  4 Pages(Susan B Anthony). The Progressive Era came about after a time of mass urbanization and industrialization occurred in America. This period was a time of developments in political and social aspects, however, the most pertinent reform took place in the Americans’ homes, as those who have been fighting for equality since the Seneca Falls Convention—which took place in July of 1848—were finally granted suffrage through the Nineteenth Amendment—passed in 1920. The Progressive Era was a time of progressionRead MoreProgressive Era Essay712 Words   |  3 PagesThe Progressive Era The progressive era was a time period in America after reconstruction that took place from 1900 to 1920. The progressive era focused mainly on social and political reform, trying to fix Americas economy by working towards equal conditions for individuals, stopping political corruption and increasing government intervention on social and economic issues. Progressivists were social activists and political reformers working to improve conditions and the treatment of the AmericanRead More The Progressive Era Essay1275 Words   |  6 Pageseconomic growth in the United States. The progressive era was a time in which Americans were innovating in social welfare. In the progressive period the government needed to take action in the role of economy, regulating big business, immigration, and urban growth. Once the great depression happened in which America’s economy faltered people started to panic. For Americans the main issues asked were how to make society work more efficiently. The great society era was a time of optimism after the post-worldRead More The Progressive Era Essay798 Words   |  4 Pagesall power rested with the politicians and businessmen. Reformers known as Progressives attempted to undo the problems caused by industrialization. The Progressive movement sought to end the influence of large corporations, provide more rights and benefits to workers, and end the control possessed by party leaders. At the national level, Progressivism centered on defeating the power of large businesses. The Progressive Era was a period in American history in which improving working conditions, exposingRead MoreEssay on The Progressive Era873 Words   |  4 PagesThe Progressive Era The turn of the century was marked by a movement known as the Progressive Era, during which many groups sought to reshape the nations government and society in response to the pressure of urbanization and industrialization. Progressives were mainly members of the Post-Civil War generation that made an attempt to master a world much different then that of their parents. With the rise of big business and industrialization came several problems associated with the economicRead MoreProgressive Era Essay889 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Progressive Era and the New Deal. Rapid changes after the Civil War brought on a need for economic, social and political reforms. Before the Progressive Era and the New Deal, the federal government took a very hands-off approach and had little involvement in, and little care for the welfare of the American people. With the Progressive Era and the New Deal, the federal government became more involved and responsive to the public and implemented many revisions and reforms. The Progressive Era wasRead MoreProgressive Era Essay1701 Words   |  7 PagesThe Progressive Era Have you ever thought about the Progressive Era and the impact our amendments have on it, or the impact it has on our amendments? The sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth show great examples of the Progressive Era. The sixteenth shows the political and social change just like the eighteenth amendment . The seventeenth amendment was the outgrowth of the progressive era, leaving the nineteenth amendment to be the political corruption and social change of the

Vietnam As A Dominant Party System - 1380 Words

Vietnam is communist state, a government ruled by a dominant party system. Over the last decade, Vietnam has shown remarkable growth since they have adapted the modernization theory. Vietnam has a spectacular progress in their growth domestic product (GDP), with a GDP of 49.42 billion in U.S dollars in 2005 to a GDP of 171.39 billion in U.S dollars in 2014.They have also achieve a high poverty reduction, from a poverty headcount of nearly 60 percent to 20.7 percent in the past 20 years. Vietnam has become more industrialized, Vietnam’s agricultural shares of economic output has shrink from 25% in the year 2000 to less than 20% in 2013, while industry’s share increased from 36% to more than 42% in the same period. Today, Vietnam is considered to be one of the leading exporters in Southeast Asia. With the top ten exports commodities that include electrical machinery, oil and mineral fuels, footwear, apparel: non knit, apparel: knit, industrial machinery, seafood, coffee a nd spices, furniture and cereals. An ongoing debate on whether a Democratic or Autocratic type of government would facilitate fast economic growth. This is an important factor because this could be the reason why Vietnam has grown so quickly. Base on the fact that Vietnam’s economy has rapidly developed, it’s safe to agree that an autocratic government would facilitate faster growth. â€Å"Under democracy, politicians seeking reelection have an incentive to reflect the will and interest of a majorityShow MoreRelatedWhat Was A Communist Government?1093 Words   |  5 Pageseveryone has equal opportunities. It’s a system of government where the government operates and plans the economy; it is referred to as single party or dominant party, where it follows the ideology of Karl Marx. It is the opposite kind of government to a democracy. It started in Russia with Karl Marx where each person was treated under the same circumstances such as pay. It was developed to create an equal and fair society go vernment known as the social party where no one was favoured. It was unableRead MoreEssay about Conflict Theory in Vietnam878 Words   |  4 PagesThe history of Vietnam is one of great struggle and conflict. For centuries the vietnamese people have had no choice but to change their society by force in order to gain their own freedom and independence. Pivitol events in Vietnamese history such as the Battle of Bach Dang in 939 and the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954 are examples of how the conflict theory brought change to Vietnamese society and culture. For centuries Vietnam had been under Chinese rule. The Vietnamese people were an oppressedRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union980 Words   |  4 Pagescontributed to the United States emerging as a world leader and a dominant economic power in the second half of the 20th century. The Cold War The United States and the USSR conflicting ideologies, policies, control of nuclear weapons, and economic strategies resulted in the Cold War. The Cold War 1945-1990, was a rivalry between the USSR and the USA, the USSR the Communist Party supported Marxism, a economic and political system were ownership of private property should be terminated in an effortRead MoreAmerica s Revolutionary Party Of Vietnam Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesIn the past years the discussion of Vietnam War, is one that still is every more common among scholars of American Society, common not without controversy. The controversy surrounding the Vietnam War often is centered in U.S. mentality of playing â€Å"savior â€Å" and appearing to be only great, while not owning up or recognizing their faults. There is a common belief among many people that the remembering the vietnam war is no longer important. Those who hold this belief, also believe that the there isRead MoreVietnam s Economic Transformation A nd Foreign Investment Attractive Destination972 Words   |  4 PagesVietnam is a densely populated developing country in the Southeast Asia. Since independence in 1975, though launching of several economic reforms and extensive efforts for macroeconomic stability, infrastructure development and environmental sustainability, Vietnam has transformed from one of the poorest country in the world to a lower middle income country with current GDP of $186.2 billion (Tradingeconomics, 2016). During the past two decades, Vietnam has become one of the leader in agriculturalRead MoreThe War On Terror : An Example Of All Three Foreign Policy Tools Is Afghanistan Essay1303 Words   |  6 Pagesit’s yours† was not adhered to in this case (The US War in Vietnam: Nation Building and Counter-Insurgency.). Obama’s intervention in Iran demonstrated his desire for foreign intervention action without U.S. troops. To slow down the Iranian nuclear program, instead trying to locate a nd bomb their facilities, Obama oversaw cyberattacks that would cripple the nuclear programs. The ‘all-in’ presidents, one from each prominent political party, Truman (D) and Bush (R), are tied together by their vastRead MoreAnalysis Of The Director Of Sustainable Sourcing Department Essay1381 Words   |  6 Pagesprovides analysis and recommendations on supplier risk mitigation. Government publications, industry reports, newspaper articles, company reports, and peer-review journals were used for this analysis. The five Asian countries, China, India, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Malaysia accounted for 40% of global apparel production and 50% of global exports. External factors may drive manufacturers to relocate due to increasing labor cost, the transition will be unlikely in the next five years. While U.S. based companiesRead MoreFor Americans, The 1976 Presidential Election Was As Confusing1047 Words   |  5 PagesFor Americans, the 1976 presidential election was as confusing as it was exciting. Several factors made it dramatically different and more complex tha n any other election before. In both parties, the mood of the 1976 campaign was deeply influenced by past disasters. Democrats kept recalling the enormous defeat they suffered in 1972 and Republicans could not seem to move beyond the Watergate scandal they had just endured. What I find interesting about this election is how Jimmy Carter went fromRead MoreCritically Discuss A Major Global Issue Facing Your Own Country1630 Words   |  7 Pagesissue facing your own country (1500 words) Quality of higher education in Vietnam 1. Introduction In the 21st century, education continuous keep the key role in development and consequently, the attention of public to quality of education are risen highly, especially to higher education. Ensuring quality to meet the demands of industries and students themselves is the priority of higher education institution in Vietnam, however, from the perspective of autonomy, this issue is the main constrainRead MoreThe South China Se Separating Fact From Fiction1437 Words   |  6 Pagesis convinced that the U.S. is trying to draw ASEAN or some of its members together with Australia, Japan and South Korea into a soft alliance to constrain if not contain it. China   alleges that tacit US support has emboldened the Philippines and Vietnam to challenge China’s claims and actions. Whether correct or not, the contrasting perceptions have enhanced rivalry and tension in the region. There is an honest difference of opinion regarding who is reacting to whom and who has the ‘right’ or ‘duty’

School Community Leadership Free Essays

It is the role of every school leader to provide an environment for education and learning to happen inside the classroom. He/she must embrace the responsibility of guiding and imparting the proper amount of skills and programs necessary for growth and sustainability. Seeing this complex and difficult relationship, school community leaders must strive towards achieving the overall goals of educational institutions. We will write a custom essay sample on School Community Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the end, school community leadership is the way a principal or head balances the challenges of the school and community to provide changes for the better by possessing the skills and traits to do so. Looking at the concept, school community leadership can be defined to be a process wherein the principal addresses the issues surrounding both school and the community. â€Å"In a nutshell, school community leadership concentrates on the things a principal should do to develop and nurture culture, climate and vision of the school that is supportive of all stakeholders and helps them succeed† (Wilmore, 2003, p. 12). Looking at the definition, it is first to implore on the community and how it affects the way decisions and programs are made. By doing this, readers can better comprehend the importance of such trait towards growth and sustenance The concept of community is an important definition to tackle when dealing with the idea of school community leadership. One important facet is that the community continues to shape and develop various school issues. Since schools are part and partial components of a community, leaders must create a striking balance towards partnership and harmonization of both experience and practice (Glanz, 2006). By fostering such relationship, educators can devise models and plans to synchronize the goals and objectives of both the community and school towards students. Another important concept to consider is the relevance of leadership towards educational development. It can be argued that there are various leadership styles that can be used and applied towards the achievement of the goal, however due to this; the concept becomes elusive in nature. This can be contended because though there have been numerous improvements in the literature surrounding leadership models, â€Å"contemporary theories of leadership represent authoritative opinion that is not supported by scholarly research† (Spry and Graham, 2006, p. ). Due to this, the challenge of educational leaders is to find the appropriate style suited for both the community and the learning environment of students. There are several important traits a school community leader must possess. These include (1) effective communication, (2) openness to change and improvements, and (3) participation. Communication is vital in the process of harmonization and practices because it enables process es to be effective and efficient. Without communication, there shall be disparities between what is being taught and practiced which could later spell troubles and difficulties. On the other hand, openness to developments is also another trait a leader must posses in this field. Realizing the constant diversity and continuing changes in the environment, educational leaders must be adaptive to these changes so as to foster continued sustenance and growth (Spry and Graham, 2006). By doing this, they can make the overall system dynamic and susceptible towards change. Lastly, participation is another vital process to consider as it provides avenues for improvement and change. This process of partaking with both the community and school can help put into practice the needs of both parties. To conclude, the challenge remains for educational leaders to promote school community leadership. By realizing the importance of such attribute to both students and society and by applying the necessary traits and skills, only then can the process of sustenance and growth can be achieved by both parties. How to cite School Community Leadership, Papers

School Community Leadership Free Essays

It is the role of every school leader to provide an environment for education and learning to happen inside the classroom. He/she must embrace the responsibility of guiding and imparting the proper amount of skills and programs necessary for growth and sustainability. Seeing this complex and difficult relationship, school community leaders must strive towards achieving the overall goals of educational institutions. We will write a custom essay sample on School Community Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the end, school community leadership is the way a principal or head balances the challenges of the school and community to provide changes for the better by possessing the skills and traits to do so. Looking at the concept, school community leadership can be defined to be a process wherein the principal addresses the issues surrounding both school and the community. â€Å"In a nutshell, school community leadership concentrates on the things a principal should do to develop and nurture culture, climate and vision of the school that is supportive of all stakeholders and helps them succeed† (Wilmore, 2003, p. 12). Looking at the definition, it is first to implore on the community and how it affects the way decisions and programs are made. By doing this, readers can better comprehend the importance of such trait towards growth and sustenance The concept of community is an important definition to tackle when dealing with the idea of school community leadership. One important facet is that the community continues to shape and develop various school issues. Since schools are part and partial components of a community, leaders must create a striking balance towards partnership and harmonization of both experience and practice (Glanz, 2006). By fostering such relationship, educators can devise models and plans to synchronize the goals and objectives of both the community and school towards students. Another important concept to consider is the relevance of leadership towards educational development. It can be argued that there are various leadership styles that can be used and applied towards the achievement of the goal, however due to this; the concept becomes elusive in nature. This can be contended because though there have been numerous improvements in the literature surrounding leadership models, â€Å"contemporary theories of leadership represent authoritative opinion that is not supported by scholarly research† (Spry and Graham, 2006, p. ). Due to this, the challenge of educational leaders is to find the appropriate style suited for both the community and the learning environment of students. There are several important traits a school community leader must possess. These include (1) effective communication, (2) openness to change and improvements, and (3) participation. Communication is vital in the process of harmonization and practices because it enables process es to be effective and efficient. Without communication, there shall be disparities between what is being taught and practiced which could later spell troubles and difficulties. On the other hand, openness to developments is also another trait a leader must posses in this field. Realizing the constant diversity and continuing changes in the environment, educational leaders must be adaptive to these changes so as to foster continued sustenance and growth (Spry and Graham, 2006). By doing this, they can make the overall system dynamic and susceptible towards change. Lastly, participation is another vital process to consider as it provides avenues for improvement and change. This process of partaking with both the community and school can help put into practice the needs of both parties. To conclude, the challenge remains for educational leaders to promote school community leadership. By realizing the importance of such attribute to both students and society and by applying the necessary traits and skills, only then can the process of sustenance and growth can be achieved by both parties. How to cite School Community Leadership, Papers

Moon Essays - Observational Astronomy, Lunar Science, Hemispheres

Moon The moon is the only natural satellite of Earth. The moon orbits the Earth from 384,400 km and has an average speed of 3700 km per hour. It has a diameter of 3476 km, which is about ? that of the Earth and has a mass of 7.35e22 kg. The moon is the second brightest object in the sky after the sun. The gravitational forces between the Earth and the moon cause some interesting effects; tides are the most obvious. The moon has no atmosphere, but there is evidence by the United States Department of Defense Clementine spacecraft shows that there maybe water ice in some deep craters near the moon's North and South Pole that are permanently shaded. Most of the moon's surface is covered with regolith, which is a mixture of fine dust and rocky debris produced by meteor impact. There are two types of terrain on the moon. One is the heavily cratered and very old highlands. The other is the relatively smooth and younger craters that were flooded with molten lava. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, visual exploration through powerful telescopes has yielded a fairly comprehensive picture of the visible side of the moon. The hitherto unseen far side of the moon was first revealed to the world in October 1959 through photographs made by the Soviet Lunik III spacecraft. These photographs showed that the far side of the moon is similar to the near side except that large lunar maria are absent. Craters are now known to cover the entire moon, ranging in size from huge, ringed maria to those of microscopic size. The entire moon has about 3 trillion craters larger than about 1 m in diameter. The moon shows different phases as it moves along its orbit around the earth. Half the moon is always in sunlight, just as half the earth has day while the other half has night. The phases of the moon depend on how much of the sunlit half can be seen at any one time. In the new moon, the face is completely in shadow. About a week later, the moon is in first quarter, resembling a half-circle; another week later, the full moon shows its fully lighted surface; a week afterward, in its last quarter, the moon appears as a half-circle again. The entire cycle is repeated each lunar month, which is approximately 29.5 days. The moon is full when it is farther away from the sun than the earth; it is new when it is closer. When it is more than half-illuminated, it is said to be in gibbous phase. The moon is waning when it progresses from full to new, and waxing as it proceeds again to full. Temperatures on its surface are extreme, ranging from a maximum of 127? C (261? F) at lunar noon to a minimum of -173? C (-279? F) just before lunar dawn. The Harvest moon is full moon at harvest time in the North Temperate Zone, or more exactly, the full moon occurring just before the autumnal equinox on about September 23. During this season the moon rises at a point opposite to the sun, or close to the exact eastern point of the horizon. Moreover, the moon rises only a few minutes later each night, affording on several successive evenings an attractive moonrise close to sunset time and strong moonlight almost all night if the sky is not clouded. The continuance of the moonlight after sunset is useful to farmers in northern latitudes, who are then harvesting their crops. The full moon following the harvest moon, which exhibits the same phenomena in a lesser degree, is called the hunter's moon. A similar phenomenon to the harvest moon is observed in southern latitudes at the spring equinox on about March 21.

100 Exquisite Adjectives

100 Exquisite Adjectives 100 Exquisite Adjectives 100 Exquisite Adjectives By Mark Nichol Adjectives descriptive words that modify nouns often come under fire for their cluttering quality, but often it’s quality, not quantity, that is the issue. Plenty of tired adjectives are available to spoil a good sentence, but when you find just the right word for the job, enrichment ensues. Practice precision when you select words. Here’s a list of adjectives: Adamant: unyielding; a very hard substance Adroit: clever, resourceful Amatory: sexual Animistic: quality of recurrence or reversion to earlier form Antic: clownish, frolicsome Arcadian: serene Baleful: deadly, foreboding Bellicose: quarrelsome (its synonym belligerent can also be a noun) Bilious: unpleasant, peevish Boorish: crude, insensitive Calamitous: disastrous Caustic: corrosive, sarcastic; a corrosive substance Cerulean: sky blue Comely: attractive Concomitant: accompanying Contumacious: rebellious Corpulent: obese Crapulous: immoderate in appetite Defamatory: maliciously misrepresenting Didactic: conveying information or moral instruction Dilatory: causing delay, tardy Dowdy: shabby, old-fashioned; an unkempt woman Efficacious: producing a desired effect Effulgent: brilliantly radiant Egregious: conspicuous, flagrant Endemic: prevalent, native, peculiar to an area Equanimous: even, balanced Execrable: wretched, detestable Fastidious: meticulous, overly delicate Feckless: weak, irresponsible Fecund: prolific, inventive Friable: brittle Fulsome: abundant, overdone, effusive Garrulous: wordy, talkative Guileless: naive Gustatory: having to do with taste or eating Heuristic: learning through trial-and-error or problem solving Histrionic: affected, theatrical Hubristic: proud, excessively self-confident Incendiary: inflammatory, spontaneously combustible, hot Insidious: subtle, seductive, treacherous Insolent: impudent, contemptuous Intransigent: uncompromising Inveterate: habitual, persistent Invidious: resentful, envious, obnoxious Irksome: annoying Jejune: dull, puerile Jocular: jesting, playful Judicious: discreet Lachrymose: tearful Limpid: simple, transparent, serene Loquacious: talkative Luminous: clear, shining Mannered: artificial, stilted Mendacious: deceptive Meretricious: whorish, superficially appealing, pretentious Minatory: menacing Mordant: biting, incisive, pungent Munificent: lavish, generous Nefarious: wicked Noxious: harmful, corrupting Obtuse: blunt, stupid Parsimonious: frugal, restrained Pendulous: suspended, indecisive Pernicious: injurious, deadly Pervasive: widespread Petulant: rude, ill humored Platitudinous: resembling or full of dull or banal comments Precipitate: steep, speedy Propitious: auspicious, advantageous, benevolent Puckish: impish Querulous: cranky, whining Quiescent: inactive, untroublesome Rebarbative: irritating, repellent Recalcitrant: resistant, obstinate Redolent: aromatic, evocative Rhadamanthine: harshly strict Risible: laughable Ruminative: contemplative Sagacious: wise, discerning Salubrious: healthful Sartorial: relating to attire, especially tailored fashions Sclerotic: hardening Serpentine: snake-like, winding, tempting or wily Spasmodic: having to do with or resembling a spasm, excitable, intermittent Strident: harsh, discordant; obtrusively loud Taciturn: closemouthed, reticent Tenacious: persistent, cohesive, Tremulous: nervous, trembling, timid, sensitive Trenchant: sharp, penetrating, distinct Turbulent: restless, tempestuous Turgid: swollen, pompous Ubiquitous: pervasive, widespread Uxorious: inordinately affectionate or compliant with a wife Verdant: green, unripe Voluble: glib, given to speaking Voracious: ravenous, insatiable Wheedling: flattering Withering: devastating Zealous: eager, devoted Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Punctuate References to Dates and Times"Confused With" and "Confused About"Quiet or Quite?

Grammar Tips What Is a Sentence Fragment - Get Proofed!

Grammar Tips What Is a Sentence Fragment - Get Proofed! Grammar Tips: What Is a Sentence Fragment? Being proofreaders, we’re keen on keeping things grammatical. As such, we feel sad when we see a sentence that’s been left incomplete. It’s like the linguistic version of an abandoned puppy. But what is it that makes a sentence complete? And is an incomplete sentence always wrong? Our guide to sentence fragments can answer your questions and help you avoid errors in your work. The Sentence Fragment A sentence fragment is, quite simply, an incomplete sentence. At its most basic, a sentence needs a subject (i.e., something or someone to perform an action) and a verb (i.e., an action or state of being). Subject Verb Phrase The bird†¦ †¦flew away. If a sentence is missing a subject or a verb, it will be incomplete (i.e., a sentence fragment): Fragment (No Subject): Flew away. Fragment (No Verb): The bird. Neither of these is a complete sentence, so we don’t know what the author meant. In other cases, though, sentence fragments may have a subject and a verb while still being incomplete. For example: The bird pecked my. Here, we have the subject â€Å"bird† and verb â€Å"pecked,† but there is something missing after â€Å"my.† This is because â€Å"pecked† is a transitive verb, so it needs an object (i.e., something that is being acted on). The more complex a sentence gets, the easier it is to miss something like this. Are Sentence Fragments Always Wrong? No! Sentence fragments are common. In literature, for example, using a short sentence fragment can be a good way of changing the pace or tone of a piece of writing. Compare the following: No Fragment: The budgie was small, but loud. Fragment: The budgie was small. But loud. In the second, â€Å"But loud† is technically a sentence fragment. But by using a period instead of a comma, the author adds a dramatic pause before the fragment to emphasize how loud the budgie is. I am budgie. Hear me roar. More generally, we all use sentence fragments in our own lives. And you’ll find them used in advertising and pop culture all the time! As long as you can understand them, this isn’t a problem. How to Avoid â€Å"Bad† Fragments Sentence fragments become an issue when it is hard to tell what someone is saying. For example: The canary was singing because. Here, there’s obviously something missing from the sentence, since â€Å"because† is meant to introduce a reason. As such, this fragment would need completing before it makes sense. In other cases, we might understand what the author means by a sentence fragment, but unless there is a good reason for using one, it is still better to write in full sentences. For instance: The study examined several species. Including canaries, budgies and doves. Here, the clause that starts with â€Å"Including† is a fragment, though we can guess that it’s a list of birds included in the study. However, since there’s no reason to use a sentence fragment here, it would be better to remove the period and join the clauses with a comma: The study examined several species, including canaries, budgies and doves. The most important thing is that every sentence has a main clause including a subject and verb, but watch out for other sentences that seem unfinished or ambiguous throughout your work.

Theme Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theme Analysis - Research Paper Example She is referred to as a â€Å"debutante† and one who has â€Å"come of age†. This generally happens in high social circles. In other rare circumstances, age is of little consequence. One may refer to a person- young or old, has having â€Å"come of age† when he has surmounted a serious problem and emerged from it victorious. It is to be understood that chronological age does not really matter; it is the mature way the person handles the situation that counts. What is important is the ability to make a wise and sane decision that could change one’s life considerably and even forever. But that choice must be in one’s best interests. This situation, however, is rare and is more the exception than the rule. The Civil War in America left the Southerners swamped with difficulties as a result of the freeing of the slaves – the direst of which was economic in nature. There was much damage to life and property. All that could have contributed to economic recovery was in ruins – plantations, farms, buildings, the transportation system – everything, resulting from the emancipation of a million slaves. The family of Abner Snopes was no exception. Snopes earned the reputation of â€Å"barn burner† simply because he was just that – a barn burner. His younger boy, Sarty was a namesake of Colonel Sartorius Snopes, appears in court with his father who is accused of the aforesaid crime recently committed. The boy hopes he will not be interrogated for he would be forced to testify against his father who is, of course, guilty as alleged. Snopes is described as a wiry figure who was often dressed in a stiff black coat. His voice was cold and harsh, level and without emphasis – a brief but fitting description for a person addicted to crime – more specifically, arson and theft. It might be mentioned here that Sarty has inherited his father’s way of thinking – foremost being that people

Abolition Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Abolition - Research Paper Example Various activities supported this principle aimed at achieving that goal. The concept is historical because all countries in the world have abolished slavery, as many international organizations among them the United Nations require member countries to ratify abolitionism. Abolitionism was a major reform movement in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The doctrine to end slavery was to free millions of black people detained and used as slaves across the world. Other terms refer to abolitionism among them abolition movement and antislavery movement. The movement started by Africans resisting slave trade and slavery, eighteenth century notions regarding universally acceptable human rights, changing ideas in interpreting Christian morality, and changes in the economy status of the world (Oakes, 2013). This led to abolitionists dividing into two extremes with one group advocating for immediate end to slavery and slave trade while others fought for gradual end to the same. In the mid nineteenth century, the terminology abolitionism referred to the struggle to end slavery immediately. Early stages In the entire America and Western Europe, abolitionism was a rights movement whose proponents wanted to end set slave trade and in the process set slaves free. Bartholomew de las Casas, a Dominican priest influenced Spain to become the first European nation to legislate laws that legally abolished slavery by 1542. However, three years down the line, pressure from the bourgeoisie who were the beneficiaries forced the same country to weaken the laws reversing the gains made by early abolitionists. Evangelical Christians and Quakers fought hard against slave trade and slavery in the seventeenth century terming them un-Christian acts. The movement gained momentum in eighteenth century when rational thinkers among the elite in the society accused the beneficiaries calling the entire process a violation of human rights. It is important to note that although early abolitionis ts put in a lot of effort, the gains were not immediate as centers of slavery still existed. Centers were in Countries in South America and United States as well West Indies. The movement started in England after the Somerset’s case of 1772. Eight years later the state of Pennsylvania enacted laws that aimed at the gradual end to slavery within its area of jurisdiction (Wilson, 1990). Although there was no official law abolishing slavery in Massachusetts, the promulgation of the Massachusetts constitution ended slavery. The European colonization of countries in America increased the dependence on race-based slavery where Africans and their descendants were forced to work the farms. The process reached its apex in the sixteen century. This degree reached Great Britain’s North American colonies in the mid seventeen century. These countries later become the United States. Antislavery movements started because of the rights denied to slaves and other inhumane acts. In the United States for instance, slaves lost customary rights, passed their un-free status over to their children and respective descendants, and served for life. Individual efforts of the enslaved to free from slavery included self-purchase, escape, rebellion, and seeking redress from courts. Some of the early major revolts were in America as early as the first decade of the eighteenth century in South Carolina and New York City. Major efforts towards resistance to abolish slavery and slave trade from organizations in the United States came from Quakers, the Society of Friends who believed and spread the idea that slavery was physically dangerous and sinful to both the victim and the beneficiary. Leaders of the society including Antony Benezet from Pennsylvania and John Woolman from New Jersey

Literary Analysis: Clay and The Dead Essay -- Essays Papers

Literary Analysis: Clay and The Dead In the fifteen Dubliners stories, city life, religion, friends and family bring hope to individuals discovering what it means to be human. Two stories stood out in James Joyce’s Dubliners. One story attempts to mislead readers as it is hard to follow and the other story is the most famous story in the book. In the stories â€Å"Clay† and â€Å"The Dead,† James Joyce uses escape themes to deal with the emotions of the characters, Maria and Gabriel living in the Dublin society. Both stories take place during the winter on Halloween and Christmas, which are the holiday seasons and the season of death. In â€Å"Clay,† the main character, Maria is a patient, old woman and a former maid for rival brothers Joe and Alphy Donnelly. Now that they’re all grown up, she seems to be â€Å"lost† in her life, childless and unmarried, and is now an employee at a Laundromat. Maria has struggled for what seems like most of her life both financially and socially. Maria lives on a small but independent income from a job that earns her the respect of co-workers and bosses. Glimpses of poverty are seen in this story when Maria becomes concerned that she lost the cake that she bought for the Donnelly family. â€Å"Maria said she had brought something special for papa and mamma, something they would be sure to like, and she began to look for her plumcake† (99). Maria’s loss of the cake is painful because she paid a big price for it. Maria was trying to treat her loved ones despite her limited income. Although Gabriel from â€Å"The Dead† isn’t poor like Maria, he isn’t very wealthy either unlike his aunts. Gabriel is just an average writer. He doesn’t hold annual parties like his aunts do every year to make him seem snobbish to others. J... ... U.S.A: Pearson Custom Publishing, 2002. Langbaum, Robert â€Å"The Epiphanic Mode in Wordsworth and Modern Literature.† New Literary History Vol. 14 (1983): 335-358. JSTOR. University of Dayton, Roesch Library. 18 February 2004 . Munich, Adrienne â€Å"Form and Subtextt in Joyce’s ‘The Dead’† Modern Philology Vol. 82 No.2 (Nov. 1984) 173-184. JSTOR University of Dayton, Roesch Library.20 February 2004 Norris, Margot â€Å"Narration under a Blindfold: Reading Joyce’s ‘Clay.’† PMLA Vol. 102 (1987): 206-215. JSTOR. University of Dayton, Roesch Library. 18 February 2004 . Orfe Literature. Ed. James Joyce. 17 February 2004. . Owens, Coilin. â€Å"Clay (3): The Mass of Mary and All the Saints.† James Joyce Quarterly 28 (1990): 257-266.

Influential factors Essay

When it’s time to develop a new program, the first thing that must be considered is the decision on what programming language to utilise. This is important because changing the program midway through completion is very difficult to achieve, and will often require a vast rewriting of code. There are a number of issues that will influence this decision, and these are:   Organisational policy, suitability of the language, the availability of trained staff, how reliable the program is, cost of development and maintenance, expandability of the language, and interoperability with other languages Table of Contents Task Brief 1 Overview of Report 1 Organisational Policy 1 Suitability 2 Availability of Trained Staff 2 Reliability 2 Development and Maintenance Costs 2 Expandability 3 Interoperability 3 Summery 3 Bibliography 4 Organisational Policy All organisations will have policies (methods of practice) dictating that they will operate under specified conditions. A policy of developing applications using one particular language may come from historical use, and a foundation of previous development tools (such as IDEs) for that one language. (M Fishpool, 2007, p. 156) To deviate to using another language may in that instance not make sense to the hierarchy of the organisation. This may ring particularly true if the organisation has established a relationship with a particular vendor, such as Microsoft. Maintaining a link with this company may be rewarded with better support and discounts. (Anderson, 2010, p. 166) On the other hand, maintaining the use of a particular piece of software (such as Microsoft’s IDE Visual Studio) would limit language choice to those that suit that company’s interests. Another choice they may pursue is to utilise open source software, which brings its own benefits and disadvantages. Open-source software does not offer personalised technical support and relies on an unpaid, potentially unreliable enthusiast community to provide these solutions, but is usually free to use. Suitability Building a program in a language unsuitable for its intended task will cause big problems down the line, which is why understanding the application’s technical requirements is important. The first thing to consider when making a program is what the intended platform will be. This could be computer setups such as Windows, OS X, a Linux-based OS, a web-based application, a smart phone-based app or the option to be platform agnostic could also be desired. Languages that are built to be natively run on one platform (like C++) will be more effective in completing intensive tasks, but building a program in Java means that the application will work the same way on any OS with the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) software installed (Oracle, 2011). The complexity of the program will also affect whether a procedural or object-oriented language will be chosen, as is whether appropriate features are included in the chosen IDE. (Anderson, 2010, p. 166) Availability of Trained Staff If a language is popular and used widely (such as Java, C, or C++ (TIOBE, 2011)), then there will be more professionals that are able to code in it than there are for less popular languages. Therefore, choosing a popular language will make it easier to recruit personnel for a new project. Also, looking at what languages the organisation has historically used, the kind of hardware installed, and what skill sets existing employees have will have an impact in this decision. Reliability. A program becomes unreliable when how it will deal with data becomes unpredictable, and this is what can cause programs to crash. This is why some languages, like Ada, are created with an emphasis on features that make them less likely to crash. (Anderson, 2010, p. 166) The best way of ensuring that code is predictable and reliable is to use a strict language, which is one with a strong type system. A strong type system specifies restrictions on how values of different data types (such as integers and strings) are allowed to be intermixed, and stops the source code from compiling if it thinks data is being incorrectly mixed. This provides a guarantee about how the program will behave when it starts running. (Wikipedia 2, 2011) Development and Maintenance Costs Part of the idea of planning the development of a program also includes the costing of the entire project. In order to do so, we take into account the length of time each development stage will take, and what resources will be needed at which point. A lot of resources are spent before the first line of code is even written to make sure that the language and IDE we choose will be the most suitable and acceptably reliable, because choosing an â€Å"unreliable solution means more money spent in maintenance costs. † (M Fishpool, 2007, p. 155) Also, rather than simply creating error fixes, maintenance is also about how the program evolves post-deployment, as suggested by Lehman’s Laws. (Wikipedia 1, 2011) Therefore, how much of the overall budget will go towards the evolution of the application needs to be taken into account. Expandability Expandability is about planning the long term future of the program. Programs in active use will rarely cease to be updated following its first release. It will usually evolve beyond its original specification and require more features to be added, or be asked to process more data. If this is the case and the program is not easily expandable, a lot more time and money than necessary will need to be spent on rewriting code or porting it to a different language. For this reason, object oriented languages are popular because new features can be ‘bolted on’ as additional classes. (M Fishpool, 2007, p. 156) If this is not a concern, a procedural language can be used instead. Interoperability The presence of several languages may dictate whether a language needs to be interoperable. Interoperability is achieved when programs coded in different languages are able to work with each other through a common set of standards. (Wikipedia 3, 2011) One way this is done is through the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) specification, which is implemented using Mono and Microsoft’s . NET. These allow any language that meets the CLI specification to be able to be run by their virtual machine. The most common language is C#, which was especially created to be used in . NET, but dialects of popular languages have been created to be used in a similar fashion (examples include C++/CLI and VB. NET). Summery In this report, we discussed what factors are influential in choosing a programming language for a project. We discovered that companies will have organisational policies which restrict employees to only use certain languages or certain company’s’ software. We also learned that all languages have pros and cons, so that understanding what task our program needs to do will ensure we pick the language that is most suitable. We also need to make sure that there are actually people available to employ to code for us, so we should choose a popular language to make it easier to recruit employees. Reliability is also an area of importance, but for programs where reliability must be guaranteed, we learned that there are languages such as Ada which cater to this specific requirement. Budgets are also an issue as development and maintenance costs will differ between languages, and an unreliable solution means more money spent in maintenance costs. If we need our software to be expanded in the future, it is also best to choose a language that can support this from the start. Finally, we learned about interoperability and how programs coded in different languages are able to work with each other through a common set of standards. Bibliography Anderson, J. K. L. M. P. a. S. , 2010. BTEC National Level 3 IT Student Book 1. 1st ed. Edexcel. M Fishpool, B. F. , 2007. BTEC Level 3 National in IT. 2nd ed. Hodder Education. Oracle, 2011. Java Runtime Environment (JRE). [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK â€Å"http://java. sun. com/j2se/desktopjava/jre/† http://java. sun. com/j2se/desktopjava/jre/ [Accessed 1 October 2011]. TIOBE, 2011. TIOBE Index. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www. tiobe. com/content/paperinfo/tpci/index. html† http://www. tiobe. com/content/paperinfo/tpci/index. html [Accessed 01 October 2011]. Wikipedia 1, 2011. Software Maintenance. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK â€Å"http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Software_maintenance† http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Software_maintenance [Accessed 2 October 2011]. Wikipedia 2, 2011. Strong Typing: Wikipedia. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK â€Å"http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Strongly_typed_programming_language† http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Strongly_typed_programming_language [Accessed 14 October 2011]. Wikipedia 3, 2011. Interoperability. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK â€Å"http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Interoperability† l â€Å"Software† http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Interoperability#Software [Accessed 27 September 2011].

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